جملات معلوم و مجهول در انگلیسی
|
VERB |
ACTIVE |
PASSIVE |
|
Infinitive |
To cook |
To be cooked |
| Present Simple : | I cook food in the kitchen. | Food is cooked in the kitchen. |
| Present Continuous : | I am cooking food in the kitchen. | Food is being cooked in the kitchen. |
| Present Perfect : | I have cooked food in the kitchen. | Food has been cooked in the kitchen. |
| Past Simple : | I cooked food in the kitchen yesterday. | Food was cooked in the kitchen yesterday. |
| Past Continuous : | I was cooking food in the kitchen. | Food was being cooked in the kitchen. |
| Past Perfect : | I had cooked food in the kitchen. | Food had been cooked in the kitchen. |
| Future Simple : | I will cook food in the kitchen. | Food will be cooked in the kitchen. |
| Future Perfect : | I will have cooked food in the kitchen. | Food will have been cooked in the kitchen. |
|
|
نکته : بطور معمول در جمله مجهول نیازی به ذکر نام کننده کار نیست اما اگر بخواهیم شخص کننده کار را در جمله مجهول ذکر کنیم می توانیم آن را با بعد از حرف اضافه by در جمله بنویسیم
Active sentence : Mr Brown built the house.
Passive sentence : The house was built by Mr Brown.
نکته : زمانی که دو مفعول در جمله داشته باشیم به دو صورت می توان عمل کرد :
possibility 1: The professor explained the students the exercise.
possibility 2: The professor explained the exercise to the students.
در این جمه که به دو صورت گفته شده دو مفعول وجود دارد
مفعول انسان indirect object : the students
مفعول غیر انسان direct object : the exercise
هر دو مفعول می توان در اول جمله مجهول بکار برد .
| passive sentence - possibility 1 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| subject | verb | object | (by-agent) |
| The students | were explained | the exercise | (by the professor). |
| passive sentence - possibility 2 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| subject | verb | object | (by-agent) |
| The exercise | was explained | to the students | (by the professor). |
Passive Voice
How to construct the passive.
How to construct the passive.
1. Check to see if the active sentence contains an object.
John ate an apple. (S V O) Passive is possible.
John ate yesterday. (S V) Passive is not possible.
2. Move the object to the front of the sentence. Put the original subject in a "by" phrase .
An apple (V) by John.
3. Put the verb in the form "be" +3 (of main verb)*
An apple "be" eaten by John.
4. Put the "be" in the same tense as the original active sentence.
An apple was/were eaten by John. ( past tense)
5. Make the first verb agree with the new subject.
An apple was eaten by John.
(Put other elements of the sentence in grammatical and logical order.)
Yesterday the large green apple was quickly eaten by John, who didnТt realize that it belonged to his sister.
When other (auxiliary) verbs and modals are used in combination with the passive, remember:
be + 3* (Passive)
be + V ing (Progressive)
have + 3 (Perfect)
modal + 1 (Modal)
The apple should have been being eaten by John.
Combination of auxiliary verbs with the passive.
be + 3 (Passive)
be + V ing (Progressive)
have + 3 (Perfect)
modal +1 (Modal)
The apple is eaten by John. (Present tense)
The apple was eaten by John. (Past tense)
The apple is being eaten by John. (Present Progressive)
The apple was being eaten by John. (Past Progressive)
The apple has been eaten by John. (Present Perfect)
The apple had been eaten by John. (Past Perfect)
The apple has been being eaten by John. (Pres. Perfect Progressive)
The apple had been being eaten by John. (Past Perfect Progressive)
The apple will be eaten by John. ( Future/Modal)
The apple is going to be eaten by John. (Future/Modal)
The apple must be eaten by John. (Modal)
The apple must have been eaten by John. (Past Modal)
The apple must have been being eaten by John. (Combination)
*Note, to simplify things, we refer to the forms of the verbs with numbers, as follows:
1 base form (be, go, do)
2 past form (was/were, went, did)
3 past participle (been, gone, done)
| For Practice: See | Active or Passive Voice (from The Internet TESL Journal) |
| See also: | Passive Voice (from English-Zone.com) |
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